18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Dear Dr. Ramirez, I hope this message finds you well. I’m reaching out on behalf of the International Symposium on Climate Policy and Sustainable Technology, which will take place this September in Geneva. Your renowned work on carbon capture strategies has drawn significant attention, and we believe your contribution would be invaluable to our panel discussions. We would be deeply honored if you could serve as a keynote speaker and share your recent findings with our global audience. The event also provides opportunities for collaboration with leaders in environmental research. Please let us know if you are available. Best regards, Sophia Nguyen |
① 공동 연구를 제안하려고
② 연구 성과를 평가하려고
③ 학회에서 발표를 요청하려고
④ 후원 요청을 하려고
⑤ 논문 심사를 의뢰하려고
19. 다음 글에 나타난 Emma의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
Emma had practiced her piano piece for months, dreaming of performing flawlessly at her school’s annual recital. On the day of the event, she felt confident as she walked on stage. The lights dimmed, and the audience quieted. But just a few bars into the performance, her fingers slipped, hitting several wrong keys. Panic surged through her, and she struggled to regain composure. When she finished, polite applause followed, but Emma couldn’t shake the disappointment. Backstage, she sat silently, fighting back tears, overwhelmed by a sense of failure.
① hopeful → discouraged
② calm → furious
③ indifferent → grateful
④ proud → amused
⑤ tired → motivated
20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Many startups invest heavily in online advertising without establishing a coherent digital brand identity. While ads may increase visibility temporarily, sustainable growth comes from consistent messaging and genuine customer engagement. A company’s online voice should align with its mission, values, and customer expectations. Without this consistency, businesses risk losing trust and appearing inauthentic. In today’s competitive digital landscape, building credibility is more crucial than ever. Ultimately, companies that focus on long-term brand development rather than short-term clicks are the ones that succeed.
① 기업의 SNS 광고는 최대한 자주 집행되어야 한다.
② 브랜드 정체성과 광고는 별도로 관리해야 한다.
③ 온라인 마케팅은 진정성과 일관성을 갖춰야 한다.
④ 소비자 요구보다 회사 중심 전략이 우선이다.
⑤ 초기 스타트업은 광고 성과에만 집중해야 한다.
21. 밑줄 친 step out on a limb이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Despite her team’s skepticism, Clara decided to step out on a limb and pitch a radically different marketing strategy to the board. The idea was risky and deviated from the company’s traditional approach, but she believed it could lead to greater engagement. The room was silent at first, but as she explained her vision with clarity and confidence, the executives began to nod in agreement. In the end, not only was her idea approved, but it also became the foundation for one of the company’s most successful campaigns.
① Take a personal risk
② Follow conventional wisdom
③ Hide one’s intentions
④ Delegate a task
⑤ Withdraw from a project
22.다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Empathy, often seen as an innate trait, can actually be cultivated through intentional practice. Research suggests that regular engagement in perspective-taking exercises and mindful listening improves one’s ability to understand and relate to others. In educational settings, empathy training has been linked to improved peer relationships and reduced instances of bullying. Likewise, in professional environments, empathetic leadership has been shown to enhance team collaboration and employee satisfaction. As society becomes more interconnected yet polarized, fostering empathy becomes not just a personal virtue but a necessary social skill.
① 공감 능력은 타고나는 성격이다.
② 공감은 특정 분야에서만 유용하다.
③ 공감 능력은 연습과 훈련을 통해 기를 수 있다.
④ 공감 능력은 직장에서 불필요한 감정이다.
⑤ 공감은 경쟁 사회에선 오히려 방해가 된다.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Throughout history, public squares have served as more than just open spaces in cities—they’ve been vital centers of civic life. In ancient times, forums in Rome were places for political debate and public announcements. Similarly, medieval marketplaces were not only hubs of trade but also venues for social exchange and public festivals. In modern urban design, plazas continue to function as spaces that encourage interaction, promote community engagement, and reflect the identity of the society that built them. Whether used for protests, performances, or daily gatherings, public squares reveal how physical space influences the dynamics of public life.
① 도시 경제 구조의 변화
② 공공장소의 역사적 가치
③ 정치 참여와 도시화의 상관관계
④ 광장의 상업적 기능 강화
⑤ 현대 도시에서 광장의 사라짐
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
As environmental concerns grow, cities around the world are turning to green infrastructure as a sustainable solution. Green roofs, permeable pavements, and urban forests help reduce the impact of climate change by managing stormwater, lowering urban temperatures, and improving air quality. These systems also enhance the aesthetic appeal of cities and contribute to residents’ well-being. As traditional infrastructure strains under the weight of rapid urbanization, integrating nature into city planning is becoming a priority for sustainable development.
① The Role of Government in Climate Policy
② The Aesthetic Benefits of Urban Architecture
③ Green Infrastructure: A Sustainable Urban Solution
④ How to Reduce Noise Pollution in Cities
⑤ Innovations in Public Transportation Systems
25. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
The following chart shows the percentage of electric vehicle (EV) sales out of total vehicle sales in five major countries between 2015 and 2022.
① In Norway, the EV sales rate increased significantly, surpassing 75% in 2022.
② Germany showed steady growth, reaching around 35% by 2022.
③ In Japan, the EV market share remained below 10% throughout the entire period.
④ The United States saw a rapid increase after 2020, ending at approximately 40% in 2022.
⑤ China maintained a constant EV market share of 25% from 2015 to 2022.
26. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
In recent years, remote education has become a widely adopted method of learning, particularly due to advances in digital technology. Online courses offer flexibility and accessibility, allowing students from various backgrounds to study at their own pace. Many institutions provide virtual labs and real-time discussions to simulate classroom experiences. However, challenges remain, including lack of reliable internet in some regions and difficulties in maintaining student engagement. Some governments have begun to implement policies aimed at improving digital infrastructure in rural areas.
① Remote education allows students to learn at their own pace.
② Virtual labs help mimic classroom environments online.
③ Online learning completely eliminates the need for physical infrastructure.
④ Lack of internet access is a barrier in certain areas.
⑤ Some governments are working to improve digital access for remote learners.
27. 다음은 한 박물관의 안내문이다. 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
| Riverview Museum Visitor Guide Welcome to the Riverview Museum, where history comes to life! Please review the following information for a pleasant visit: Opening Hours: Tuesday–Sunday, 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Closed on Mondays) Exhibits: The Ancient Civilizations Hall and Natural History Wing are open during regular hours. Photography: Flash photography and tripods are not permitted in exhibition areas. Café & Gift Shop: The café is open from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., and the gift shop closes at 6 p.m. Accessibility: Wheelchairs are available upon request at the front desk. |
① 박물관은 월요일에는 운영하지 않는다.
② 플래시 없이 사진 촬영은 허용된다.
③ 기념품 가게는 박물관 종료 시간과 동일하게 문을 닫는다.
④ 고대 문명 전시관은 정기 휴일에만 개방된다.
⑤ 휠체어는 요청 시 제공된다.
28. 다음은 한 리조트의 안내문이다. 내용과 일치하는 것은?
| Silver Bay Resort – Guest Information Welcome to Silver Bay Resort. We aim to offer you a relaxing and memorable stay. Check-in & Check-out: Check-in is from 2 p.m., and check-out is by 12 p.m. Dining Options: Breakfast is served from 7:30 a.m. to 10 a.m. at the Garden Restaurant. Fitness Center: Open 24 hours for all guests. Pets: Pets are not allowed inside the resort buildings. Smoking: All guest rooms are non-smoking. Designated areas are available outdoors. |
① 체크인은 오후 3시부터 가능하다.
② 조식은 오전 7시부터 제공된다.
③ 피트니스 센터는 연중무휴로 운영된다.
④ 반려동물은 객실 내 출입이 가능하다.
⑤ 객실 내에서는 흡연이 허용된다.
29. 다음 글에서 어법상 틀린 부분을 고르시오.
The success of a product ①depend on multiple factors, including market trends and consumer behavior. Marketers often ②analyze data from various sources to create effective strategies. A lack of understanding of customer needs ③can result in poor sales performance. In some cases, companies fail to recognize the importance of ④adapting to changes in the market. Nevertheless, thorough research and strategic planning ⑤remains key elements in maintaining competitive advantage.
30. 다음 글에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
The global shift toward renewable energy has led to significant changes in the energy market. Governments are offering ①incentives to promote the adoption of solar and wind power. These measures have encouraged private companies to ②invest in clean technologies. However, some critics argue that the transition may be ③disruptive to traditional energy industries. One of the biggest challenges is ④encouraging fossil fuel dependence, which contradicts environmental goals. Despite this, experts believe the long-term benefits of sustainable energy far outweigh the short-term ⑤challenges.
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. The unprecedented surge in misinformation and disinformation across various social media platforms has rendered it critically important for users to engage with online content through a lens of heightened scrutiny. In an era where fabricated narratives and manipulated facts can spread with alarming speed and reach, individuals must resist the temptation to uncritically accept information at face value. Instead, it is essential to diligently verify the credibility of sources, thoughtfully consider a broad spectrum of perspectives—including those that challenge one’s own assumptions—and refrain from disseminating claims that have not been rigorously substantiated. Absent such critical engagement, users risk falling prey to manipulation, reinforcing cognitive biases, and becoming trapped within ideological echo chambers that distort reality. In this complex digital landscape, the foundation of true information literacy increasingly hinges upon the cultivation of _________________.
① censorship
② obedience
③ skepticism
④ curiosity
⑤ distraction
32. Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing and complex challenges confronting humanity in the 21st century, fundamentally reshaping ecosystems, economies, and societies across the globe. In response to the escalating crisis, national governments are increasingly channeling resources into the development of renewable energy technologies, while corporations are actively seeking innovative methods to reduce their carbon footprints. At the individual level, citizens are making conscious lifestyle adjustments—such as opting for public transportation, minimizing air travel, and reducing meat consumption—in an effort to lessen their environmental impact. Yet, despite the significance of these endeavors, it is becoming abundantly clear that isolated efforts, no matter how well-intentioned or widespread, will prove insufficient if not integrated into a broader, systematically coordinated global framework. _________________________________________________________.
Only through collective action, reinforced by forward-looking policies, scientific innovation, and sustained international cooperation, can we hope to address the immense scale and urgency of the climate crisis.
① Individual efforts are sufficient to stop climate change.
② Climate change can be solved without global cooperation.
③ Addressing climate change requires unified international commitment.
④ Economic growth must come before environmental concerns.
⑤ Climate change is a naturally occurring, unchangeable cycle.
33. Leadership plays a pivotal and multifaceted role in shaping not only the immediate performance but also the long-term success of any team or organization. Effective leaders are those who possess the ability to set clear visions, guide team members toward common goals, and inspire individuals to strive for excellence even in the face of adversity. Beyond merely assigning tasks, exceptional leaders cultivate an atmosphere of trust, empower their teams through thoughtful delegation, and deliver constructive feedback that fosters growth and resilience. Conversely, a lack of strong leadership can have devastating consequences, including a decline in team morale, increased turnover rates, reduced productivity, and the squandering of valuable opportunities for innovation and advancement. ________________________________________________________. Given the profound impact leadership exerts on organizational dynamics, it is evident that developing and continuously refining leadership skills is not merely beneficial but absolutely essential for those occupying or aspiring to managerial and executive roles.
① Strong leadership guarantees financial success for all companies.
② Teams function well regardless of leadership quality.
③ Leadership quality directly influences team dynamics and outcomes.
④ Leadership training is unnecessary in today’s flexible workplaces.
⑤ Innovation thrives best in the absence of leadership.
34. Online learning has rapidly evolved into a widely accepted mode of education, offering significant advantages such as convenience, flexibility, and expanded access to diverse resources. Students benefit from the ability to engage with content at their own pace and revisit materials as needed, promoting a sense of autonomy often difficult to achieve in traditional settings. Nevertheless, despite these benefits, online learning presents notable challenges, including decreased motivation, limited real-time interaction, and recurring technical difficulties that can hinder the overall educational experience. ___________________________________________________________. To enhance outcomes, educators must find ways to balance the flexibility of digital learning with strategies that promote meaningful engagement and sustained discipline.
① Online learning has eliminated the need for teachers.
② Technical challenges are the only issue in virtual learning.
③ Some learners struggle with discipline and active participation.
④ Online learning is superior in every way to traditional classrooms.
⑤ Student success does not depend on interaction or feedback.
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
With the increasing adoption of autonomous vehicles, the transportation industry is undergoing a major transformation. ① Self-driving cars rely on a combination of sensors, machine learning algorithms, and real-time data to navigate safely. ② Companies are investing heavily in research to improve vehicle response times and decision-making capabilities. ③ These vehicles are expected to reduce accidents caused by human error and enhance mobility for elderly and disabled individuals. ④ Many startups are also entering the market, offering ride-sharing platforms that utilize driverless fleets. ⑤ Advancements in biotechnology have enabled researchers to develop personalized cancer treatments using genetic data.
[36～37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
36.
| Advances in wearable health technology are changing the way individuals monitor their well-being. From smartwatches that track heart rate to patches that monitor glucose levels, these devices provide users with real-time data about their bodies. |
(A) Despite these benefits, concerns are rising over data privacy. Many users are unaware of how their personal health information is stored or shared, and some worry that such data could be misused by insurance companies or employers.
(B) In response, advocacy groups are pushing for stricter regulations on health data management. They emphasize the importance of informed consent and transparency in how wearable tech companies handle sensitive information.
(C) As wearable technology becomes more integrated into daily life, finding a balance between innovation and ethical responsibility will be critical to building user trust and promoting long-term adoption.
① (A) – (B) – (C)
② (C) – (A) – (B)
③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (B) – (A)
⑤ (B) – (A) – (C)
37.
| As virtual reality (VR) becomes more mainstream, its applications extend beyond gaming. Educational institutions are using VR to simulate complex environments, and companies are leveraging it for remote training and product design. |
(A) However, as the technology grows, ethical concerns are also emerging. Prolonged VR exposure can affect mental health, and the blurring line between reality and simulation may have psychological consequences.
(B) To address these concerns, researchers and policymakers are calling for comprehensive studies on VR’s cognitive effects. Some suggest establishing screen-time guidelines, especially for younger users.
(C) The future of VR is promising, but its expansion must be accompanied by responsible usage standards and public awareness campaigns to minimize potential risks.
① (B) – (A) – (C)
② (C) – (A) – (B)
③ (A) – (B) – (C)
④ (C) – (B) – (A)
⑤ (A) – (C) – (B)
[38～39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
| This shift has encouraged employers to reconsider how productivity and performance are evaluated in remote settings. |
The pandemic drastically accelerated the adoption of remote work. ( ① ) Many companies that previously resisted the idea had no choice but to implement it almost overnight. ( ② ) As a result, employees discovered increased flexibility and autonomy, while employers noted cost savings and wider talent pools. ( ③ ) Some organizations even found that overall productivity improved. ( ④ ) Traditional metrics such as office attendance became less relevant. ( ⑤ ) Moving forward, remote work is likely to remain a key part of many companies’ strategies.
39.
| For example, NASA’s InSight lander detected marsquakes that provided clues about the planet’s interior composition. |
Space exploration has advanced significantly in recent years. ( ① ) Improved satellite imaging, robotic missions, and AI-driven analysis tools have enabled scientists to uncover new insights about our solar system. ( ② ) These missions provide valuable data about planetary geology, climate patterns, and even potential for life beyond Earth. ( ③ ) Such discoveries reshape our understanding of space and spark curiosity across generations. ( ④ ) With continued investment in space programs, scientists hope to unlock even more mysteries in the decades to come. ( ⑤ )
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Human memory is a complex process influenced by both biological and psychological factors. Neurologically, memory formation relies on synaptic connections and the consolidation of information in the brain. Psychologically, emotions and personal relevance play significant roles in determining what we remember. For instance, emotionally charged experiences tend to be recalled more vividly than neutral ones. While short-term memory involves immediate awareness, long-term memory requires repeated reinforcement and meaningful context. Researchers now believe that memory involves an interaction between encoding and retrieval processes, both shaped by internal and external influences. |
| Human memory is shaped through the interaction between (A) ___________ and (B) ___________ processes, influenced by both biological and psychological factors. |
① mechanical – intuitive
② sensory – automatic
③ emotional – structural
④ cognitive – reconstructive
⑤ reactive – implicit
[41～42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
| Stress is an inevitable part of modern life, arising from diverse sources such as workplace demands, academic pressures, financial uncertainties, and interpersonal conflicts. While a manageable level of stress can serve as a motivating force that enhances performance and sharpens focus, prolonged or chronic stress is associated with a wide range of negative outcomes, including weakened immune function, sleep disturbances, and mental health disorders. (a) Managing stress effectively begins with identifying its underlying causes and adopting proactive strategies, such as regular physical exercise, mindfulness practices, and seeking social support. Some individuals (b) internalize their stress, bottling up emotions that, if left unaddressed, can manifest as anxiety, depression, or even physical illness. Others may (c) lash out emotionally or engage in impulsive behaviors when under pressure, damaging relationships and exacerbating existing problems. It is crucial to (d) recognize one’s emotional triggers, practice self-awareness, and develop healthy coping mechanisms tailored to individual needs. Ultimately, emotional resilience empowers individuals not merely to endure hardships, but to grow through adversity by building adaptive skills and maintaining positive connections. In contrast, attempts to (e) suppress their feelings indiscriminately often result in emotional stagnation rather than genuine resilience. |
41. 이 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① How Stress Affects Health
② The Science of Emotional Expression
③ Understanding and Managing Stress
④ The Role of Genetics in Mental Health
⑤ Coping with Workplace Conflict
42. 밑줄 친 (a)～(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
[43～45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
( A )
| Emma loved spending her weekends at the town’s small library, a peaceful retreat from the noise of everyday life. Every Saturday afternoon, she would find her favorite spot by the tall window, absorbed in novels that took (a) her far beyond the limits of her quiet town and into adventures she could only dream of. For Emma, reading was not just a hobby but a way to explore other worlds, imagine new possibilities, and momentarily escape the predictable rhythms of her small community. |
( B )
| Ever since childhood, Emma had found comfort in books, especially during difficult times. Whenever life became overwhelming or confusing, she turned to stories that allowed (b) her to escape reality for a while and regain her sense of balance. Over the years, the library had become a second home to (c) her, a place filled not only with stories but also with memories of quiet afternoons, personal discoveries, and the comfort of feeling understood without having to explain anything to anyone. |
( C )
| One calm afternoon, while browsing the dusty shelves, Emma caught sight of her own reflection in the window. Seeing (d) her standing there — older, wiser, yet still carrying the same spark of wonder — reminded Emma of how much she had grown and changed, but also of how deeply she still clung to her childhood dreams and hopes. The reflection seemed to whisper that even though the years had passed, the heart of that curious little girl still lived inside her. |
( D )
| As Emma left the library that day, stepping into the cool evening air, she noticed a young girl sitting alone by the entrance, hugging a thick novel tightly against (e) her chest. The girl’s eyes sparkled with excitement and anticipation, just as Emma’s once had. Watching the girl, Emma felt a sudden wave of connection, as if seeing a piece of her own past still alive and full of dreams, ready to embark on its own journey. |
43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (B) – (D) – (C)
② (B) – (C) – (D)
③ (C) – (B) – (D)
④ (D) – (B) – (C)
⑤ (C) – (D) – (B)
44. 밑줄 친 (a) ~ (e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
45. 윗글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?
① Emma는 책을 통해 세상을 탐험한다고 느꼈다.
② Emma는 도서관에서 자신을 돌아보는 시간을 가졌다.
③ Emma는 어린 소녀를 보며 자신의 어릴 적 모습을 떠올렸다.
④ Emma는 책을 통해 삶의 균형을 찾기도 했다.
⑤ Emma는 도서관을 부담스럽고 낯선 공간으로 느꼈다.